Research Article
Issue Date: January/February 2020
Published Online: December 05, 2019
Updated: January 07, 2021
Preliminary Test of the Potential of Contact With Dogs to Elicit Spontaneous Imitation in Children and Adults With Severe Autism Spectrum Disorder
Karine Silva; Mariely Lima; Carla Fafiães; Jorge Sinval; Liliana de Sousa
Author Affiliations
  • Karine Silva, PhD, is Researcher, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, and Researcher, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
  • Mariely Lima, PhD, is Researcher, CINTESIS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Professor, Higher School of Education of Paula Frassinetti, Porto, Portugal; and Professor, School of Health, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; lima.mariely@gmail.com
  • Carla Fafiães, MSc, is Student, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
  • Jorge Sinval, MSc, PhD, is Researcher, Business Research Unit, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisbon, Portugal, and Researcher, William James Center for Research, Instituto Superior de Psicológia Aplicada–Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal. At the time of the study, he was Researcher, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences, & Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, and Researcher, Faculty of Psychology & Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
  • Liliana de Sousa, PhD, is Professor, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Article Information
Research Articles
Research Article   |   December 05, 2019
Preliminary Test of the Potential of Contact With Dogs to Elicit Spontaneous Imitation in Children and Adults With Severe Autism Spectrum Disorder
American Journal of Occupational Therapy, December 2019, Vol. 74, 7401205070. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2020.031849
American Journal of Occupational Therapy, December 2019, Vol. 74, 7401205070. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2020.031849
Abstract

Importance: Finding strategies to enhance imitation skills in people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is of major clinical relevance.

Objective: To evaluate whether contact with dogs may be a useful approach to elicit spontaneous imitation in people with ASD.

Design: Participants completed a spontaneous imitation task under three experimental conditions: after a free-play interaction with a live dog, after a free-play interaction with a robotic dog, and after a waiting period that involved no stimuli.

Participants: Ten children and 15 adults diagnosed with severe ASD.

Outcomes and Measures: Imitation ratio, imitation accuracy, and indicators of social motivation.

Results: Children appeared more motivated and engaged more frequently in spontaneous imitation in the live dog condition than in the other conditions. No differences between conditions were found for adults for imitation or social motivation. However, correlations suggested a possible trend for adults in time spent engaging with the live dog before testing and in increased imitation frequency.

Conclusions and Relevance: The results are preliminary and do not indicate the utility of integrating (live) dogs into interventions aimed at promoting social motivation and enhancing imitation skills in people with ASD. However, they suggest that doing so holds promise. Larger scale studies are now needed.

What This Article Adds: This research calls for occupational therapy practitioners’ attention to the potential benefits that may derive from using dogs to promote spontaneous imitation, and increase imitation performance, in people with ASD, particularly children.